Captain’s Log, Stardate 06

 

More Particles of Space

 

Particle Epsilon-5

 

 

Correcting Redshift/Blueshift measurement errors

 

Astronomers/Astro-physicists/Scientists have determined a method by which radial velocities of stars (moving toward or away from an observer) can be measured.

The method entails recognizing the Doppler effect with respect to light and analyzing the spectrum shifts of light from stars (as seen by an observer) and noting that a star moving away will cause a decrease in light frequency (increase in wavelength) towards the red-end of the frequency spectrum, hence called a REDSHIFT. Conversely, if the star body is moving toward the observer then there will be an increase in frequency (decrease in wavelength) toward the blue end of the frequency spectrum, hence a BLUESHIFT.

(Note: the nomenclature redshift/blueshift is used generically for all frequency ranges in the frequency spectrum, not solely for the narrow light band of the spectrum)

However, further thoughts about light transmission dynamics, star/planets systems as SUPER-MOTORS, etc. suggests that this theory practice has not been correctly applied in totality and, hence, that radial velocity measurements of star bodies is possibly/probably incorrect.

To understand this we need to revisit the Doppler Effect & how it came to be used practically in our earth-bound environment, and to recognize that from that earth-bound environment the theory was extrapolated into space, and from there interpolated back to earth. Errors in understandings have, it is contended, been wrongly expanded & contracted, thus bringing in multiple errors.

We need to rethink.

Doppler Effect.

We are accustomed to the sounds of motorcars coming towards us, we hear a particular sound which has a particular frequency/wavelength/pitch; as it passes us and moves away that frequency (wavelength) changes, the frequency reduces because the car is ‘stretching’ out (increasing) the wavelength of the sound waves. Note: the amplitude (volume) of the sound is also increasing as the car approaches us, and diminishing as the car moves away but this volume increase/decrease is not the frequency reduction.

This Doppler Effect was discovered by Christian Doppler around 1842. Most High/Secondary Physics books will cover this more comprehensively.

This phenomena was also discovered to apply to light frequencies – from which the redshift/blueshift have been used to determine:- whether a star body is moving away from or towards the earth, & its relative velocity.

Hence earth-bound theories have been derived, extrapolated into space & interpolated back to earth.

So, what is the problem?

The problem lies in the facts:- that it has been assumed (wrongly so) that light travels at speed c, that universe expansion has been ignored, that the consequences of expansion have not been considered.

(Light particles cannot travel at speed c, or anywhere near it, because if it did we would not exist, we would be blasted to smithereens; but we are not, we do exist, therefore light particles do not travel at speed c – still in doubt? – then stand in front of an AK47 that emits bullets at a tiny fraction of speed c.

Hence Einstein’s energy & relativity theories are impossible, e≠mc2 - brilliant mathematics & philosophy, but not science-fact but science-fiction)

Let’s go back to earth-bound Doppler principles as it applies to air & sound

Textbook explanations of the Doppler effect have generally been considered from the perspective of a body emitting sound moving relative to an observer, or an observer moving relative to a body emitting sound. What has been overlooked (in extrapolation to light in space) is the comparative circumstance in which the medium (air) is moving relative to both body & observer.

If a body is moving at a velocity toward/away from an observer, then the Doppler effect (change in sound frequency) is modified if the air is moving as well. If air is moving in same direction as the body (emitting sound) then the frequency of the sound, as heard by observer, will be increased by the added air velocity, if air moves against the direction of the body the frequency, as heard by an observer, will be reduced.

Going back into space, and accepting that light energy is propagated at speed c via a switching mechanism through the ether (i.e. light particles do not travel at speed c), that star/planets systems are simply SUPER-MOTORS, and consequently that there must be a drift velocity of ether particles (because energy flow is necessary for motors to function & because for universe expansion something must be filling the expanded universe, hence the ether is expanding, hence ether is flowing at a drift velocity) – we can see that the drift velocity of the ether will impact upon the observed frequencies emitted from star bodies as seen by an observer on earth.

Consequently, light emissions from distant star bodies reaching an observer on earth are travelling through the ether medium which has an outward flowing velocity.

This outward drift velocity would be opposing the frequency of the light emissions from the star body and cause a frequency reduction, or a redshift of the light spectrum.

BUT,

- if the drift velocity is very much less than the velocity of the star (be the star moving toward or away from earth) then the redshift would not be impacting greatly on the light frequency emissions from the star & historical measurements would be realistic.

- if the velocity is near to the velocity of the star then the shift would distort the observers perceived star velocity; by a doubling if the star is moving away, or a nulling of real star velocity if moving toward the observer

- if the drift velocity is greater than the star velocity then the perceived velocities would be distorted even further.

The question is; what ether drift velocity?

We know that the drift velocity in electrical conductors is small (about 1 metre per hour), but that is because copper is a solid. The ether is not solid, so what drift velocity?

This is very difficult/impossible to guestimate, it would need some extensive modelling to put SUPER-MOTORS into context – this requires high-powered scientific & mathematical inputs – both of which are horribly boring for this engineer

But, a further point:- ether drift velocity is not constant, it varies throughout space – this is intuitive because space is littered with star bodies, all of which are radiating energy outwards into the universe & outwards to its extremities, & beyond its extremities (because the universe is expanding – it has to be expanding otherwise energy would not flow, and if energy did not flow star/planet systems would not function) - so clearly these ether drift velocity flows will add together & give resultant localized velocities. Hence the light from any particular star can pass through consecutive regions & experience varying drift velocities.

Also the universe is unlikely to be expanding uniformly across its entire surface.

(How light particles in the ether retain their own velocity information & the dynamics of how they sum information in the switching dynamic process of light propagation is not known)

The import of all this is that previous understandings & measurements about star radial velocities are unlikely to be correct – because the use of the Doppler Effect has not considered the drift velocity of the intervening ether.

Also, the phase of the earth’s orbit about the sun will impact upon the nett frequency (& hence frequency shift). If the earth orbit phase is moving perpendicular to the star then there is a null effect, but if the orbit phase is such that we are moving away/toward the star then a corresponding frequency shift due to earth’s motion will be experienced. Perhaps these differences can help in determining SUPER-MOTOR dynamics & parameters.

Drift velocity would also impact on other light/frequency based measurements into space.

Hopefully scientists will not shift to red, nor get the blues.

Chris Addington Pr. Eng.

www.cdadd.com

(Under enforced exile from South Africa due to ANC government’s oppressive XDR-nazi system and oppressive economic isolation by corporate & academic worlds.

Also under severe economic oppression due to Ireland & UK government dishonesty.

XDR = Extreme Democracy Resistant.)

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